Da Vinci Surgical System Essay Example

Da Vinci Surgical System Essay The Da Vinci Surgical System is a large purpose-built robot controlled by a surgeon that performs minimally invasive surgical procedures on patients. The system incorporates an ergonomically designed surgeons console, a patient-side module with four interactive robotic arms, each with interchangeable surgical instruments and a 3-dimensional endoscopic vision system. Powered by high-tech supercomputers, the surgeons hand movements are scaled, filtered and then converted into precise movements of the surgical attachments. The designers of the system are a team of doctors, engineers and biomedical engineers at a company called Intuitive Surgical. The motivation that these designers had was to develop a surgical technique that would be minimally traumatic for patients and one that would speed up recovery time. Figure 1: The Da Vinci Surgical System showing the surgeons console and the patient-side module. The Industry The Da Vinci robot is part of the Biomedical Engineering industry. The industry is concerned with the application of engineering principles and techniques to the medical field. It combines expertise from medical and engineering disciplines to improve healthcare systems. The industry is very innovative and most universities now offer training in biomedical engineering. This is because it has always been a highly specialised field and required a designer to have both medical and engineering training and experience. Research and development is a very important aspect of this industry and it is very draining on a companys funds. Great emphasis is also placed on product placement and marketing. We will write a custom essay sample on Da Vinci Surgical System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Da Vinci Surgical System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Da Vinci Surgical System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Though these products are usually marketed towards industry professionals such as doctors and hospital management. The physical location and layout of the enterprise The company is located in the U. S. A in California. Figure 2: The company headquarters Nature of the innovation As mentioned before the Da Vinci robot consists of two parts, the surgeons console and a patient-side operating module. Surgeon Console: During an operation the surgeon is seated comfortably at the console while viewing a 3-d image and controlling the robot. Image System This imaging system allows the surgeon to see an enhanced 3-dimensional view of the operative field and it provides direct eye-hand-instrument alignment and natural depth perception. This is possible through the use of a dual lens endoscope with two high-resolution cameras. Figure 2: The Endoscope with two cameras and a specialised light The image is fed through two independent vision channels that then run through an image processing stabilising computer system. The computer reduces the noise of the image and enhances the edges of the objects seen. The surgeon can also control the movement and zoom of the endoscope camera through hand controls and foot pedals. The resultant image is then projected on a high-resolution 3-D monitor. Figure 3: The 3-D image monitor Control System The surgeons fingers crasp onto a joystick-like perpheril instrument which then controls the precise movements of the robotic arms. The device also gives the surgeon a sense of touch by giving feedback as to how hard or how soft the tissue is inside the patient. Figure 4: Control device. The computer system translates the surgeons hand, wrist and finger movements into precise, real-time movements of surgical instruments inside the patient. Patient-side operating module Operation System The part of the robot that actually performs the operation consists of either three or four robotic arms. It can be configured to have two or three instrument arms and one endoscope arm. Figure 5: The operating module with three operating arms and one endoscope (2nd from the left) These robotic arms are inserted into the patients body through small incisions of 1-2cm long. This is the main advantage of the Da Vinci robot. It is the ability to perform major surgery on a patient without large incisions. The benefits of this are:  ·Shorter hospital stay  ·Less pain and scarring  ·Less risk of infection  ·Less blood loss and fewer transfusions  ·Faster recovery  ·Quicker return to normal activities Surgical attachment system The company has developed a wide range of attachments that can be paced on each of the robotic arms. These are very similar to the normal instruments that a surgeon would use, such as clamps and scalpels. Intuitive surgical has named these attachments Endowrist instruments. Figure 6: An Endowrist attachment known as the cobra grasper. It is used to secure dense tissue structures such as tumours. Figure 7: Curved Endowrist scissors All the instruments are designed with seven degrees of motion that mimic the dexterity of the human hand and wrist. Also, Each instrument has a specific surgical function such as clamping, stitching and tissue cutting. Quick-release levers speed instrument changes during operations. In summary, the Da Vinci Robot system provides a surgeon with a great deal of control, range of motion, fine tissue handling capability and a 3-D viewing system. It also allows the doctor to work through tiny incisions that is characteristic of minimally invasive surgery. The Use of Technology The use of technology in this particular innovation is extensive. Several different types of technologies are incorporated into one system to operate effectively. Electronics Electronics and Microelectronics are an integral part of the system. Through computers this technology controls the whole system and maintains the safety and efficiency of the device. Software Intuitive Surgical used CAD computer programs to design their product. They also used other software to test the product. For example the company used software that simulated a power surge or loss of power. The robot was designed to shut down and stop immediately after any such outside interference, as any damage to the onboard electronics could have devastating effects for the patient. Intuitive surgical employed the software company Novell to develop the programs that would control the robot. Robotics Robotic technology is also a very important part of the overall technological make-up of the system. Intuitive Surgical opted for existing robotic technology rather than using emerging technologies. The Da Vinci robotic system is almost identical to the system used in the manufacture of cars. The company chose to do this as they where looking for a reliable technology that could be adapted into a medical device. However, major alterations where made to the existing system to improve accuracy of movement, scaling down of movement and safety. Mechanics Mechanics was used in the development of the patient-side module and the Endowrist devices. Mechanics was incorporated with the robotic and hydraulic aspects of the machine in order to get the most precise movements out of the instruments. Biomedical technology Biomedical technology is essential in ensuring that the device is suitable and safe to use as a medical machine. The robot must be adapted so that it is appropriate for use in a medical scenario. Marketing and promotional strategies This particular innovation is not suitable for mass marketing to the general public. Rather the company markets its product to a number of key potential buyers: Surgeons. The company approaches senior surgeons at larger hospitals with big spending budgets and introduces them to the new technology. They then show the range of benefits for the patient of and even offer a training course for the doctors, showing them how to use the machine. The company hopes that the surgeons then go to the hospital management on their behalf and lobby to try and acquire the machine. Hospital management The company markets the product to hospital management on the basis that it will save them money. Although the initial investment is large, in the long-term it will save money. This because the robot greatly decreases the hospital stay of the patient and it also reduces the amount of pain management drugs needed. Government The company, although less frequently, also markets the robot to governments. They outline the patient benefits and the financial benefits. The purpose of this is to place more of these devices in public hospitals that would greatly increase the sales of the product. This is because it is currently mostly used in private hospitals. Quality Control In the medical industry quality control is very important, this because if a device is faulty it may lead to serious injury or death. The Da Vinci System is no exception to this. Quality control is extremely important for Intuitive Surgical and they have realised the need for highly effective quality control program. The company only manufactures a limited number of units per year as they use an extremely wide range of resources to ensure the quality of the product. The company employs the best industry professionals, use sate-of-the-art computer systems, use failsafe-manufacturing techniques and does rigorous testing on every unit before it is sold. The company does not outsource any part of the manufacturing process; all assembly is done at the company headquarters in California. The company also responds very quickly to any problems that may occur after the product has been sold. The company uses a system over the Internet that allows a surgeon and an Intuitive Surgical engineer to be in contact at any time if any problems arise with the robot. If the problem persists the company either sends an engineer to fix the problem or the whole system is taken back to the company headquarters for repair. Research and Development Research and development is a very important aspect of any emerging technology or innovation. Concerning the Da Vinci robot extensive research would have been undertaken into the nature of large operations, different robotic systems and different control systems. These results would then been amalgamated and the development process would then begin. Continual assessment of the development process is essential. If the current development strategies are unsuccessful, new research would be undertaken to identify problems and try to minimise them. RD is essential in ensuring the success of an innovation. With a strong RD program products are more likely to be introduced as a market-leading product, as a successful product and as a profitable product. What is Robotic Surgery? Robotic Surgery is an emerging technology that utilizes purpose-built robots to perform surgical procedures on patients. At present these robots are not autonomous, they are controlled by a surgeon at all times. Thesuarus Wiki Intuitive surgical Howstuffworks http://www. amdocs. com/successstories. asp? CustomerID=76SID=603.

ANGELS & DEMONS- DAN BROWN essays

ANGELS & DEMONS- DAN BROWN essays The novel Angels and Demons written by Dan Brown is a thriller, an exiting discovery of histories deepest secrets. An old rival of religion, the Illuminati, arrives to the present to destroy what gets in the way- thats what it makes you think. Theres an invention that mankind invented that can destroy a whole city, like a nuclear bomb, is called the anti material. This bomb is stolen and taken to the Vatican, there is taken place the Il Conclave, a celebration were they choose a new Pope. The inventor of the bomb is killed with a fire burn in his chest, saying Illuminati. With this clue the director of the Conseil Europen pour la Recherche Nuclaire-CERN- calls an expert on the subject, a Professor from Harvard that had made investigations of this antique group. This Professor with accompany of the dead scientist daughter has to stop the assassin from killing and the Vatican from exploding. In their mission they find a lot of surprises as they go deep inside in the mysterious Rome. T he novel brings the history of the never ending battle between religion and science. The Illuminati, representing the science group, has managed to survive with their way of keeping secrets and making symbols only they could know the meaning. They did that to fool the Catholic Church, representing religion, so they could never find their hiding place. Also, like most people say, when theres hate theres also love, and here the novel shows love and affection between a father to his child, the developing love of a man and a woman, also the obsessing love between a man and his beliefs. But like most novels theres also the bad guy, and here is when the person you least suspect is the one betraying everyone around them. Since the beginning of history there has been a battle between science and religion. Scientist without hair in their tongs like Copernicus, were murder by the churches for revealing scien...

Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Abortion - Essay Example Only the individual can disseminate the information and make their own decision based on what they believe to be right but everyone should know both sides on equal terms so as to make the decision that is right for them. Laws that force women to carry their pregnancy to term contradict the precepts of the U.S. Constitution as well as any definition of compassion and decency. It is unconscionable that a nation founded on and dedicated to civil liberties could allow its citizens to resort to dangerous self-abortion procedures. However, prior to the Roe v. Wade decision in 1973 which legalized abortion in the U.S., this practice was commonplace. Before abortion was legal, many thousands of young women were mutilated and died attempting to end a pregnancy though the wealthy were able to have illegal abortions safely. The wealthy were able to travel abroad or pay high fees to a local doctor willing to perform the procedure for a price but a poor woman must resort to less safe options. Pro hibiting abortions does not and has never stopped them from occurring; it just acts to harm women. Women should have access to safe abortions. ‘Pro Choice’ activists argue that women should have access to safe abortions, that ‘a nation founded on and dedicated to civil liberties could allow its citizens to resort to dangerous self-abortion procedures.’ (Bulanger, Melzak & Lauzon, 1989). A nation founded on and dedicated to civil liberties should not require its citizens to resort to dangerous self-abortion procedures. According to John Adams, â€Å"Our Constitution was made for a moral people. It is wholly inadequate to the government of any other.† (Beach 1988).   Those opposed to legal abortions are also in the same camp that opposes programs that aid the impoverished and abused children who are the result of unwanted pregnancies. They point to ‘Christian morals’ and ‘family

Financial Statement forecast for General Mills Essay

Financial Statement forecast for General Mills - Essay Example We have put together 5 financial parameters(Matz, 1980) in Chart 4.1.1. The 5 parameters are Cost of Good Sold as a percentage of Sales ("CGS%S"); Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses as a percentage of Sales ("SGA%S"); Operating Current Asset as a percentage of Sales ("OCA%S"); Property, Plant, and Equipment as a percentage of Sales ("PP&E%S"); and Other Intangible Assets as a percentage of Sales ("OIA%S"). The percentage of Cost of Goods Sold in relation to the total Sales is ranges from the start in the year 2000 at forty eight percent and fluctuates every year until it reaches its highest percentage of fifty seven percent in the year 2005. The cost of goods sold percentage in relation to Sales then is fixed at fifty six percent starting the following year, 2006, until the last year 2026. The Sales, General and Administrative Expenses percentage in relation to sales starts at the very high twenty seven percent and goes down to twenty six percent in 2001. The percentage then goes further down to its lowest ratio of twenty two percent. The percentage of this expense over sales is finally forecasted to stay at the ratio of twenty three percent starting in the year 2006 until the last year 2026. The Total Current assets percentage over sales starts at a low twenty three percent. The ratio, then, starts picking up until it reaches the next position at twenty nine percent. The ratio then fluctuates mostly in the ratio of twenty seven percent. The ratio reaches further up to thirty seven percent. The new ratio then reaches again a higher ratio of Fifty four percent, sixty percent, and even until the highest ratio of seventy percent until the last year of the forecast 2026. The ratio of net plan, property and equipment (PPE) in relation to sales(Meigs, 1995) is fluctuates. In the year 2000, the ratio is twenty three percent. The ratio goes up to thirty five percent in the year 2002 and even goes down to twenty six percent. This ratio is fixed at twenty six percent starting the year 2006 until the last forecasted year 2026. The ratio of Other Long term operating assets to sales fluctuates from the year 2000 at thirty eight percent until reaches its highest ratio of one hundred twenty four percent in the year 2003. The ratio is then forecasted to be fixed at one hundred two percent within the time period of 2006 to 2026. Based on the Table 1 found after the References Section, the graph is shown below as figure Chart 4.1.1 as follows. For more information concerning the specific values of each ratio, you may refer to Table 4.1.1 of the appendix A. Chart 4.1.1 Trend of 5 financial ratios from 2000 to 2026 To conclude this section, we would like to discuss the Dividend Payout Ratio ("DPOR"). From the chart, we may observe that the company had high DPORs in late 2000 till 2005. Indeed, the Company is among the top food and beverage companies in the United States and around the world both in giving out Dividend to its shareholders(Meigs, 1992) and filling the demands of its discriminating clients. Dividend Pay

Identify the artifacts produced on the images during CT scans.describe Essay

Identify the artifacts produced on the images during CT scans.describe the method used to reduce or remove these artifacts - Essay Example ion, movement of patients during the scanning process or presence of metals on the body, problems with the scanner or during the reconstruction process (Barrett & Keat, 2004). The various types of artifacts and the methods used for reducing their occurrence are discussed below. The most common physics-based artifact is beam hardening which is caused due to differential absorption of low and high energy photons of an x-ray beam as it passes through an object. Such beam hardening phenomena can give rise to cupping and streaking or dark band artifacts. Cupping artifacts arise when the x-rays passing through the middle portion of an object become hardened which causes a reduction in its attenuation rate resulting in an intense beam reaching the detector. Streaking is another common phenomenon where streaks or dark bands appear between two dense objects again due to the hardening effect. This is usually visualized in scans taken in bony regions (Barrett & Keat, 2004). The methods used to reduce artifacts due to beam hardening include filtration of low energy particles, calibration correction, and use of appropriate software algorithms to correct the hardening (Barrett & Keat, 2004; Huang, n.d; Petit et al, 2010). Presence of a heterogeneous tissue mix can result in a CT number that is an attenuation average of all tissue types which can in turn result in a partial volume artifact as bands or streaks. Presence of off-axis objects in the path of the x-ray beam can result in the appearance of shading artifacts in the scan image. Such artifacts can be avoided using thinner sections and image noise can be limited by combining thinner sections to form a thicker section (Barrett & Keat, 2004; Huang, n.d). This effect occurs in parts of the body where attenuation of the x-ray beam is greatest such as the shoulders and the hip. This results in low number of photons reaching the detector which causes noisy projections that are in turn magnified during the reconstruction

Umbilical Cord Blood Banking

Umbilical Cord Blood Banking Constant growing attempts have been made spread awareness among the people for the cause of umbilical cord blood banking. Stem cells derived from umbilical cord have proved to be a boon to mankind. Earlier stem cells were only used to provide some low cost effective treatment to diabetes, stroke and some kind of blindness. But no doubt about it that today we are on the edge of having a major breakthrough with these cells which will get stem cells the credit they deserve. Although it is true that the spread of awareness among people has paid off and the preservation of umbilical cord blood is gaining momentum. Now cord blood bank is a place where cord blood can be kept for the future use. The cord blood banking involves three simple steps. These steps are collection, processing and storage. Collection is a process in which the umbilical blood is collected and can be done within 5 minutes after the birth of the child. Umbilical cord is clamped and cut and is attached to a special bar coded bag. This bag is kept at a lower level than the cord so the blood drains out in the bag.   After collection its the turn for processing. Processing normally involves checking of blood for various possible viral infections and then separating stem cells from the red blood cells. After processing the umbilical blood is stored in liquid nitrogen tank at a temperature of -196 Celsius. This keeps the blood available for use even after a very long time. The banks which handle all these operations can be generally classified into two categories and they are public and private. While the public cord blood bank is set to be for public use, private banks are set up exclusively for parents who want to keep the umbilical cord blood of their baby to themselves. At present, for every 3 public cord blood banks there is 1 private cord blood bank. The public banks can be used free of cost while the private banks charge the fees of $800-$2000. Most parents do not worry about the amount as it can be considered as the cover for medical insurance against so many fatal diseases. The only good thing about the private banks are that with the donation to private banks comes the guarantee of availability, while in public banks the usage of cord blood is subjected to availability. It is due to private banks only that this noble cause of donation is turning into a kind of business that requires investment. That is why medical community strongly supports public banks and not the private banks. The use of public banks widens the number of beneficiaries from medical advances. The government is also spending heavily on the research and storage of stem cells. Recently the Indian government granted Rs 5 crores to a Mumbai based institution to upgrade its stem cell research facility. Also a large number of banks are being set up nationwide to facilitate the process and to spread awareness among the masses.

Success Vs Ambition :: essays research papers fc

The two novels, which were read, demonstrated exemplary details of the ISU topics from which we were supposed to choose. The Hunt for Red October, by Tom Clancey, and Fatal Terrain, by Dale Brown were the two books being read and analyzed. These two novels are very similar in theme. Even though all of the given themes can be linked to, and have stunning similarities to one another, the themes which most protrude in these works, are success, and ambition. The ambition aspects in both of the books bear stunning resemblance to one another. In both cases, the kind of ambition illustrated among the characters is shown in a hands-on way. In both novels, new technology is invented, and new ways of succeeding are patented for use to have an edge over the competition. Because of the character's ambitious drive, they will achieve success. In Hunt for Red October, ambition plays a very large and important part of the plot of the novel. Basically, the entire plot of the novel revolves around the new technology invented in order to gain an edge over the competition. The new technology invented was a "Silent propulsion system..." (Clancey, 58) which "...Virtually eliminate cavitation sounds" (Clancey, 59). The system was invented and developed by a soviet submarine captain named Marco Ramius. He fabricated the system for use in his plan to defect to America, from Russia (to bring your sub from Russia to America so the Americans could use the technology). The propulsion system was used to eliminate the sound of the submarine's thrusters and engines, so as to not be detected by other radars. This way, no one would figure out his plans to defect. As a result of Ramius' ambitious drive and hard work, he made a change in technology, which would help him achieve his goals in the novel, and always be one step ahead of the competition. In Fatal Terrain, There was also the aspect of new technology being invented, in order to stay one step ahead of the game. The plot, this time, does not completely revolve around the new technology being manufactured, but it plays a large part in the beginning of the book, and carries right through to the end. In the novel, two men, named Patrick McLanahan, and Jon Masters are both adequately involved in warfare and the Army and Navy. Together, they have created a new plane.

The Life of Endangerd Species

I am doing my project on endangered species. In the world there are a lot of endangered species for example: birds, insects, tigers, whales and many more. I have learned many things from this project on how the animals get endangered and ways how to help these animals. I learned that we should recycle because the more trees that we cut down the more homes for animals we demolish. We should all stop hunting animals for pleasure and just watch them have fun for pleasure. Endangered Species means when an animal or a plant of any kind is in danger of extinction for ever and is in danger to never be seen again. An endangered specie can get extinct any time, if it is endangered today it might be extinct tomorrow or extinct in the future. Or it might not happen like that. If you leave it alone and do not harm it, it might have baby†s and have more of its kind. A species is named endangered when of its kind occurs in a low number. About 1000 species in the world are named endangered, or are in threat to be extinct. I never knew that some kinds of birds were in danger. We can help these animals and plants by making laws that you are not allowed to hunt or kill any animal that is in danger of extinction. Only since the 19th century has there been worldwide concern about the case of species in their natural environments. Finally in 1916 they made a law called Migratory Bird Treaty. They had this law in United States, Great Britain, Canada, and later in Mexico. This law was made so that people can not kill animals that are endangered. This law did not work that well because the animals that were endangered were not put in zoo†s. People still killed theses animals not caring that they were in danger of becoming extinct. In 1973 a another law came down where a 100 nations came together and were working together to save endangered species that were being imported and exported. This organization was known as CITES. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. The United States Fish and wildlife Service had to assist foreign countries on managing endangered animals. Here is a list of endangered species. This list is only describing a few examples. There were to many animals that were endangered to write about. So I took the most popular animals and decided to write about them. Birds provide several modern examples of how extinction can occur. One of the best known is the passenger pigeon, a species that occurred in greater numbers than any other bird or mammal for which there are records. Passenger pigeons looked very similar to mourning doves, a close relative that is still common. One distinction a requirement for nesting in colonies which finally led to the destruction of the passenger pigeon. The extinction of the passenger pigeon is a commentary on the mistaken belief that if a species occurs in large numbers it is not necessary to be concerned about its welfare. The last member of the species died in 1914. In 1918 the last Carolina parakeet died. This colorful green bird with an orange or yellow head was seen throughout the eastern United States in the 1800s. Parakeets were shot for their beautiful feathers and because they damaged crops. The ivory-billed woodpecker, the largest woodpecker to inhabit North America, was believed to be extinct in the United States, they are also seen in remote areas of the South. The cause of its disappearance is presumed to be the major habitat destruction that resulted from logging of large Southern forests. Ivory-bills required large tracts of land with old trees and were unable to cope with timbering activities. The world's last dusky seaside sparrow died in Florida in June 1987 because its habitat, Florida's coastal salt marsh, was severely depleted. In the early 1990s the spotted owl of the United States Pacific Northwest sparked debate between conservationists concerned with the survival of this threatened animal and the local timber industry workers which were worried in loosing their jobs. About 20 insects, most of them butterflies, are endangered species. Populations of two butterfly species the San Bruno elfin and the mission blue are very few now because they have been killed. The These animals are dying because we walk over were they live, we step on there food, we cut down there homes. FWS is looking after the few butterflies that are left. The recovery plan also provides for research programs designed to understand the requirements of each species so that proper habitat management decisions can be made. More than 90 species of United States fishes, most restricted to specific bodies of water, are in danger of extinction. Most live in deserts of the Southwest, where water is rare. Many species of desert fishes became extinct before protective measures were taken. The desert fishes do not have that much of a chance to live because in the desert when the sun gets hot the water starts to disappear. Now a days the NFW is looking after the fishes that live in the desert. Whales are endangered species too. There are very little whales left in the world. People still go hunting for them when the law says that you can kill them. People use whales for ivory for oil and to make lip stick and more stuff that women wear. More than 300 mammals of the world are recognized as threatened or endangered. These include eight whales, more than two dozen apes and monkeys, and more than 20 deer, as well as leopards, tigers, elephants, and other large mammals whose numbers have been severely reduced by overhunting and habitat destruction. Included among United States mammals that are protected to some degree are the gray wolf, the Florida panther, and the grizzly bear. The 1973 Endangered Species Act officially addressed the issue of why an endangered species of plant or animal should be offered formal protection. As stated in the act, such species â€Å"are of esthetic, ecological, educational, historical, recreational, and scientific value to the Nation and its people.† Numerous species are medically or agriculturally significant because of their unique properties or traits. It cannot be predicted when a species might be discovered to be of direct value to humans. Once a species becomes extinct, however, the opportunity is lost forever. As scientists try to solve the twisted network of plant-animal relationships in the natural world, more and more species are discovered to have a necessary, and often unsuspected, dependence on other species. Obviously, if the extinction of one species is permitted through rapid, human-caused activities that do not permit natural adjust and development to occur, certain other species may also be affected. This can result in a â€Å"domino effect† of likely extinction†s. Through breeding programs and introduction of animals into their natural habitats, several species, such as the black-footed ferret, have been brought back from the edge of extinction. Several more species undergoing such programs, such as the California condor, are soon expected to be introduced into the wild and to have similar success. By 1990 the FWS had compiled a list of almost 1,000 species of endangered or threatened animals (of which more than 500 are found only in foreign countries), and some 200 recovery programs were in effect. If fish got extinct than polar bears might get endangered because polar bears prey on fish. They eat the fish to stay alive. The eight whales that are endangered some of them might go extinct because they might eat fish. So if fish go extinct the world would have a lot of changes. If some different kind of insects go extinct than other kinds of insects would go extinct because insects eat insects. And some birds might go endangered because birds eat insects. If birds go endangered or get extinct than other animals that eat birds might get endangered because they have nothing to eat. It would go like a circle because meat eating animals will get endangered. In order to save endangered species hunting should be banned. There should be no trades in furs and animal skin. The animals natural habitat should not be destroyed. These animals should be allowed to be free to do as they please! There should also be harsh fines for anyone who even tries to kill an endangered specie. The government should also set up some fund for endangered species where when money is needed to preserve the land or habitat of the endangered animals there will be money available to use. Money should also be invested in research funds which would try to find solutions in preserving these animals. From my point of view if scientists could prefect coloning they can then use that method to protect endangered species from becoming instinct! However there needs to be more research done in this section before anyone can go along with this solution!

Importance of the Benefit Package for Employees

Importance of the Benefit Package for Employees A benefits package is necessary for the well being of employees in an organization. Employee benefits can be defined as non-monetary rewards which employees gain apart from their salaries and wages. These benefits are meant to improve the quality of life of employees working in an organization.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Importance of the Benefit Package for Employees specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the benefits offered will be either mandatory or discretionary. Mandatory benefits are benefits which an employer has an obligation to provide to his employees as stipulated by the law. Discretionary benefits are those benefits an organization offers its employees out of its own volition. The benefits packages offered will fall in the two categories. They are meant to improve the welfare of all employees working in this organization. The first category of benefits to be offered will be in form of retireme nt benefits. These benefits are mandatory by law because the government values social security of all working people. All employees in the firm employed on a permanent contract are required to remit monthly payments in specific retirement schemes. Employees will have a specific amount of money deducted from their monthly earnings depending on the amount of salary each individual earns. The money will be held in a pension fund from which an employee will be able to obtain his savings upon retirement. Health insurance is important because workers need to have adequate medical cover whenever they fall sick. Workers who have families will have four of their nuclear family members covered by the health scheme. Employees’ salaries will be deducted and the funds obtained will be remitted to health service providers. This benefit is mandatory because an organization with healthy employees has the ability to produce high levels of output. Sick employees will be granted sick leave to a llow them to get treatment. The company will also offer maternity leave to pregnant female employees. Health benefits will improve the living conditions of employees that work in this firm. Housing benefits will also be offered to all employees in the organization. These benefits are discretionary. The criteria to be used will influenced by the level of status an employee holds in the organisation. Employees in a specific pay grade will be offered a uniform housing allowance every month on top of what they earn. All employees will get additional monetary compensation on top of the salaries they earn monthly.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A transport allowance will be offered to interns at the organization to help them reduce their commuting expenditure. This is a discretionary allowance which will ease the burden of commuting costs on interns about to become f ull time employees. Employees will be encouraged to join optional life insurance plans with various insurance providers. These plans will be easily transferable and will offer compensation depending on the length of time an employee is willing to subscribe to them. The insurance plans offered will yield annual interest depending on the amount of premiums an employee contributes. An insurance risk cover for employees working in hazardous environments will be introduced. The company will also implement safety measures which guarantee the wellbeing of employees. Employees who get injured accidentally while performing their duties will be offered monetary compensation for injuries sustained. This benefit will only apply to employees who get injured inside the company. They will have to provide evidence that shows the injuries they sustained were accidental. The compensation offered will be commensurate to the type and severity of the injury suffered. Employees who are found to have used intoxicating substances in the form of alcohol and drugs at the work station will not qualify for compensation. Other benefits to be offered will depend on the individual situation of each employee. These benefits will be offered depending on the performance appraisals of each employee in the company. There will also be benefits that will be offered to employees going through difficult times to help them recover and continue with their duties at work. These benefits make the organization to be responsive to the needs of its employees. The recruitment and staffing policy in the organization will focus on hiring competent individuals who are suitable for the organisation’s staffing needs. The organization will be divided into four departments all of which will coordinate closely. These departments are: finance, sales and marketing, production and human resource. The production department is critical for the company’s survival and it will have the largest number of staff . The sales and marketing department will also need several support staff that will represent the company in its target markets. The finance and human resource departments do not require large personnel teams.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Importance of the Benefit Package for Employees specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company is to be headed by a Managing Director who will oversee the operations of all departments headed by their respective managers. This position fits a person with a long term growth strategy for the firm and good leadership skills. The finance department will be under the finance manager who will be responsible for computing and analyzing financial issues in the firm. A person with good book keeping skills combined with good financial analytical skills will be suitable for this position. Seven accountants and an IT officer working under him will be responsible for maintaining and updatin g the firm’s financial records. The production department will be headed by a production manager. This will suit a person with effective technical knowledge on suitable equipment and production processes to be used by the organization. The production manager will be responsible for planning work shifts for staff under his department. He will liaise with the marketing department to determine the level of output which needs to be produced to satisfy existing demand in the market. He will work with three line managers who will supervise support staff in the firm. The support staff will be operating production machines. Employees in this department will be offered a risk cover because of the hazards they are exposed to in their working environment. The human resource department will be headed by a human resource manager. A person with a thorough understanding of labour issues and efficient human resource practices will be suitable for this position. The human resource manager wil l be responsible for recruitment, staffing and preparing organizational procedures to be followed by the firm’s employees. He or she will work closely with other support staff including front office staff, drivers, secretaries and security officers. These employees will assist the organization to run its operations smoothly. A marketing manager will watch over sales and marketing functions in the organization. A person that can effectively analyse existing market opportunities and their potential will be suitable for this position. He will be responsible for initiating marketing strategies and plans that help to increase the company’s market share.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He will be assisted by sales executives who will be liaising with distributors to meet the set sales targets. Sales executives will also be required to conduct market research to gather important information and data which reveal more about the market. The recruitment criteria for employees to fill these positions will be influenced by their skills, suitability and experience. All recruited candidates will have to undergo rigorous interviewing processes to determine their suitability. The finance, production and marketing departments need employees who have college education. The interviewed employees will have to do aptitude tests to evaluate their skills, personalities and knowledge. Employees selected to work in production will undergo induction programs to make them conversant with technical procedures involved. The organization has a clear communication structure which all employees are required to follow when they are performing their duties. Cafeteria plans will be included i n the benefits policy being formulated. Employees will be able to purchase meals during lunch and tea breaks. The cafeteria program will be subsidized and employees will pay a small fee for the service which will be deducted from their gross salaries. There will be schemes that reward employees who surpass established performance parameters. These individual incentives will be influenced by impressive performance outcomes. These employees will be given bonuses, holiday benefits and gifts to motivate them. A study leave paid for by the company will be offered to talented employees who desire to acquire more skills and knowledge in their areas of expertise. In conclusion, these benefits will help to improve the welfare of all employees who work in the organization. All employees will be made aware of these policies to make them conversant with organizational procedures.

tess3 essays

tess3 essays If written today, Tess of the d'urbervilles by Thomas Hardy may have been called Just Call Me Job or Tess: Victim of Fate. Throughout this often bleak novel, the reader is forced by Tess's circumstance to sympathize with the heroine (for lack of a better term) as life deals her blow after horrifying blow. One of the reasons that the reader is able to do so may be the fatalistic approach Hardy has taken with the life of the main character. Hardy writes Tess as a victim of Fate. This allows the reader to not blame her for the things that happen around her. Much of the critical debate surrounding Tess centers around this very point: Is Tess a victim? Are the things that happen to Tess beyond her control or could she have fought her way out of her circumstances? Better yet, could Hardy have written her out of her troubles or did his fatalistic approach to the novel force him to ultimately sacrifice poor Tess? Further, Is Hardy's approach to the novel and its main character truly fatalist ic? In this essay, I will explore these questions and the doctrine of Fatalism as it applies to Tess. Fatalism is defined in Websters Dictionary as "the doctrine that all things take place by inevitable necessity" (175). Fatalism is the idea that all actions are controlled by Fate, a primitive force that exists independent of human wills and outside of the controls of power of a supreme being such as God because God ultimately has no power; he is a creation of man who granted Him His power. Since He doesn't truly possess those powers, he is left without the ability to alter circumstances. In short, if one subscribes to this doctrine, you believe that Fate controls how things happen and God can do nothing to save you, even Tess. Overall, Tess seems to go through life experiencing one negative event after another. Fateful incidents, overheard conversations and undelivered letters work against her ability to control the path her life takes. Tess's future seems...

Preliminary Research Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Preliminary Research Design - Assignment Example Akbar, Som, Wadood, and Alzaidiyeen (2010) also state that customer loyalty is a product of good service quality. They state that the reason that customers keep coming back to a business is because they are treated well. They suggest that because people are able to travel all over the world, they are looking for the best service everywhere they go. These researchers studied the hotel industry to see whether people came back to the same hotel when the service was good. They found in one study that 75% of consumers said that they would go back to a business if they had a speedy response to their customer service inquiry. This means that again, service quality was responsible for loyal customers. Customer service can be challenging for some businesses especially when they have some employees who may not be people oriented. Often, this means that employees must receive extra training in order to make sure that they understand how to work with customers. Abildtrup (2010) states that those employees who are in front of people all the time need extra help. He states that marketing and advertising only do part of the work by bringing customers to the business. Once they enter the doors, it is the job of the front line employees (those who meet and greet the customers first) to keep them coming back by providing excellent customer service. Abildtrup states that businesses cannot depend on their employees to understand how to deal with customers on their own; instead, they must have the training they need to get the job done. Employees must understand that they are one of the reasons why people do come back to a business. If someone goes to a business for the first time, they are looking for something in particular that only that business can provide for them at that time. If customer service is genuine and happens quickly, people will remember this experience; they will also remember a bad experience. Buchholz (2010) identifies four levels of interest that employees hav e who work in any business. These four levels are: 1. The survival level where the employee comes to work to do their job. They cannot be depended on to take on additional work because they are only there to get a paycheck. 2. The acceptance level employee is open to new jobs and they believe in the philosophy and the goals of the organization. They are productive employees but they do not like to do more work, and if something else comes along, they probably will leave. 3. The merit level employee loves the company and adds to the company's mission. They love their job and they are the people who actually make sure that things are done. They are loyal employees and are quick to jump in and do more work when it is required; they are also good in a crisis. 4. The self-fulfilling level employee understands that what they do on the job is important. They have a buy-in to the company and they know they make a difference because they want to do a good job. Clearly, it is the third and fo urth level employee who will do the most for the company and they will provide the best customer service because they are involved in the company because they want to be there. Yim, Tse, and Chan (2008) add to this discussion by taking the conversation a bit further and stating that customers that can form an interpersonal bond with employees will be the most loyal. As an example, an individual who goes into a computer store to buy a computer will purchase something once they are satisfied that the store

Does Corporate Governance Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Does Corporate Governance Work - Essay Example Karamanou and Vafeas (2005) narrow the definition of corporate governance to the task of monitoring the performance of an employee. On the other hand, increasing its extent and scope, corporate governance is described a broad based set of principles and practices through which shareholders control the directors of the company. Moreover, the â€Å"Combined Code of Corporate Governance† introduced by the London Stock Exchanges defines the purpose of corporate governance as to â€Å"facilitate efficient, effective, and entrepreneurial management that can deliver shareholder value over long term† (Boyle, p.3, 2009). Broadly corporate governance establishes rights and responsibilities of stakeholders specifying rules for decision making. It also a set of techniques that evolved over time and are put in place to control the conduct of executives both within the organization and externally (Walsh & Seward, 1990). In the traditional finance paradigm, corporate governance is res tricted to the relationship between a company and its shareholders. According to the managerial discourse, corporate governance is a codified set of normative principles that are at times immutable (Cobbaut, 2003). On the other hand, Cadbury (1997) defines strong governance as an optimisation between monitoring and performance. Corporate governance, thus, is an intangible whose effects can be perceived through its working. Corporate governance like other intangibles, for example, loves and hatred doesn’t have a concrete shape and form, but its effects are realised by the nature of its working (Plessis et al., 2005). The varied nature of working of corporate governance, and its broad scope, doesn’t allow for development of a single and comprehensive notion. The definitions of corporate governance, with their differences apart, have quite a few commonalities but none has achieved definitive status (Boyle,